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# Welcome to ATMOS
The pyatmos package is an archive of scientific routines that aims to implement the estimation of atmospheric properties for various atmosphere models. Currently, feasible atmosphere models include:
1. International Standard Atmosphere(ISA) Model up to 86km
2. NRLMSISE-00
This package is an archive of scientific routines that implements the estimation of atmospheric properties for various atmosphere models, such as Exponential, COESA76, and NRLMSISE-00. The package mainly estimates density, temperature, pressure and other parameters of air at a set of specific altitudes. For atmosphere below 86 kilometers, it also calculates the speed of sound, viscosity, and thermal conductivity.
## How to install
pyatmos can be installed with
On Linux, macOS and Windows architectures, the binary wheels can be installed using pip by executing one of the following commands:
```sh
pip install pyatmos
pip install pyatmos --upgrade # to upgrade a pre-existing installation
```
## How to use
### International Standard Atmosphere
Calculate the ISA at an altitude(default is geometric) of 10km.
#### Exponential
```python
>>> from pyatmos import isa
>>> isa(10)
{'temperature[K]': 223.25186489868483,
'pressure[Pa]': 26499.756053713343,
'density[kg/m^3]': 0.41350863360218376}
>>> from ATMOS.pyatmos import expo
>>> rhos_geom = expo([0,20,40,60,80]) # geometric altitudes by default
>>> print(rhos_geom) # [kg/m^3]
>>> rhos_geop = expo([0,20,40,60,80],'geopotential') # geopotential altitudes
>>> print(rhos_geop)
[1.22500000e+00 7.76098911e-02 3.97200000e-03 3.20600000e-04
1.90500000e-05]
[1.22500000e+00 7.69385063e-02 3.84131212e-03 2.97747719e-04
1.59847603e-05]
```
Calculate the ISA at a geopotential altitude of 50km.
#### COESA 1976
```python
>>> isa(50,'geopotential')
{'temperature[K]': 270.65,
'pressure[Pa]': 75.94476758456234,
'density[kg/m^3]': 0.0009775244455727493}
>>> from ATMOS.pyatmos import coesa76
>>> rhos_geom,Ts_geom,Ps_geom = coesa76([0,20,40,60,80])
>>> print(rhos_geom) # [kg/m^3]
>>> rhos_geop,Ts_geop,Ps_geop = coesa76([0,20,40,60,80],'geopotential')
>>> print(rhos_geop) # [kg/m^3]
>>> rhos_geom,Ts_geom,Ps_geom = coesa76([100,300,500,700,900])
>>> print(rhos_geom) # [kg/m^3]
[1.22499916e+00 8.89079563e-02 3.99535051e-03 3.09628985e-04
1.84514759e-05]
[1.22499916e+00 8.80348036e-02 3.85100688e-03 2.88320680e-04
1.57005388e-05]
[5.60184300e-07 1.91512264e-11 5.21285933e-13 3.06944380e-14
5.75807856e-15]
```
Calculate the ISA at 90km.
#### NRLMSISE-00
*Before using NRLMSISE-00, the space weather data needs to be prepared in advance.*
```python
>>> isa(90)
Exception: geometric altitude should be in [-0.611, 86.0] km
>>> isa(90,'geopotential')
Exception: geopotential altitude should be in [-0.610, 84.852] km
```
### NRLMSISE-00
Get the space weather data
```python
>>> from pyatmos import download_sw,read_sw
>>> from ATMOS.pyatmos import download_sw,read_sw
>>> # Download or update the space weather file from www.celestrak.com
>>> swfile = download_sw()
>>> # Read the space weather data
>>> swdata = read_sw(swfile)
Updating the space weather data ... Finished
```
Calculate the temperatures, densities **not** including anomalous oxygen using the NRLMSISE-00 model at 70km, 25 degrees latitude, 102 degrees longitude on the date October 5, 2015 at 03:00:00 UTC.
Calculate the temperature, density at [25N, 102E, 20km] at 03:00:00 UTC on October 5, 2015 with anomalous oxygen and 3h-geomagnetic index.
```
>>> from pyatmos import nrlmsise00
>>> from ATMOS.pyatmos import nrlmsise00
>>> # Set a specific time and location
>>> t = '2015-10-05 03:00:00' # time(UTC)
>>> lat,lon = 25,102 # latitude and longitude [degree]
>>> alt = 70 # altitude [km]
>>> para_input,para_output = nrlmsise00(t,lat,lon,alt,swdata)
>>> print(para_input,'\n')
>>> print(para_output)
{'Year': 2015, 'DayOfYear': 278, 'SecondOfDay': 10800.0, 'Latitude[deg]': 25, 'Longitude[deg]': 102, 'Altitude[km]': 70, 'LocalSolarTime[hours]': 9.8, 'f107Average[10^-22 W/m^2/Hz]': 150, 'f107Daily[10^-22 W/m^2/Hz]': 150, 'ApDaily': 4, 'Ap3Hourly': array([4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4])}
>>> t = '2015-10-05 03:00:00' # time(UTC)
>>> lat,lon,alt = 25,102,600 # latitude, longitude in [degree], and altitude in [km]
>>> params,rho,T,nd = nrlmsise00(t,(lat,lon,alt),swdata) # aphmode=True
>>> print(params)
>>> print(rho)
>>> print(T)
>>> print(nd)
{'Density': {'He[1/m^3]': 9100292488300570.0, 'O[1/m^3]': 0, 'N2[1/m^3]': 1.3439413974205876e+21, 'O2[1/m^3]': 3.52551376755781e+20, 'AR[1/m^3]': 1.6044163757370681e+19, 'H[1/m^3]': 0, 'N[1/m^3]': 0, 'ANM O[1/m^3]': 0, 'RHO[kg/m^3]': 8.225931818480755e-05}, 'Temperature': {'TINF[K]': 1027.3184649, 'TG[K]': 219.9649472491653}}
{'Year': 2015, 'DOY': 278, 'SOD': 10800.0, 'Lat': 25, 'Lon': 102, 'Alt': 600, 'LST': 9.8, 'f107A': 104.4, 'f107D': 82.6, 'ApD': 18, 'Ap3H': array([18. , 22. , 22. , 22. , 7. , 15.25 , 9.375])}
6.416602651204796e-14
(853.466244160143, 853.4647165799171)
{'He': 2388916051039.6826, 'O': 1758109067905.8027, 'N2': 2866987110.5606275, 'O2': 22411077.605527952, 'Ar': 4351.013995142538, 'H': 155026672753.3203, 'N': 46719306249.863495, 'ANM O': 4920851253.780525}
```
Calculate the temperatures, densities **not** including anomalous oxygen using the NRLMSISE-00 model at 100km, -65 degrees latitude, -120 degrees longitude on the date July 8, 2004 at 10:30:50 UTC.
```
>>> t = '2004-07-08 10:30:50'
>>> lat,lon,alt = -65,-120,100
>>> para_input,para_output = nrlmsise00(t,lat,lon,alt,swdata)
>>> print(para_input,'\n')
>>> print(para_output)
{'Year': 2004, 'DayOfYear': 190, 'SecondOfDay': 37850.0, 'Latitude[deg]': -65, 'Longitude[deg]': -120, 'Altitude[km]': 100, 'LocalSolarTime[hours]': 2.5138888888888893, 'f107Average[10^-22 W/m^2/Hz]': 109.0, 'f107Daily[10^-22 W/m^2/Hz]': 79.3, 'ApDaily': 2, 'Ap3Hourly': array([2. , 2. , 2. , 2. , 2. , 3.125, 4.625])}
{'Density': {'He[1/m^3]': 119477307274636.89, 'O[1/m^3]': 4.1658304136233e+17, 'N2[1/m^3]': 7.521248904485598e+18, 'O2[1/m^3]': 1.7444969074975662e+18, 'AR[1/m^3]': 7.739495767665198e+16, 'H[1/m^3]': 22215754381448.5, 'N[1/m^3]': 152814261016.3964, 'ANM O[1/m^3]': 1.8278224834873257e-37, 'RHO[kg/m^3]': 4.584596293339505e-07}, 'Temperature': {'TINF[K]': 1027.3184649, 'TG[K]': 192.5868649143824}}
```
Calculate the temperatures, densities including anomalous oxygen using the NRLMSISE-00 model at 500km, 85 degrees latitude, 210 degrees longitude on the date February 15, 2010 at 12:18:37 UTC.
```
>>> t = '2010-02-15 12:18:37'
>>> lat,lon,alt = 85,210,500
>>> para_input,para_output = nrlmsise00(t,lat,lon,alt,swdata,omode='Oxygen')
>>> print(para_input,'\n')
>>> print(para_output)
{'Year': 2010, 'DayOfYear': 46, 'SecondOfDay': 44317.0, 'Latitude[deg]': 85, 'Longitude[deg]': 210, 'Altitude[km]': 500, 'LocalSolarTime[hours]': 2.310277777777779, 'f107Average[10^-22 W/m^2/Hz]': 83.4, 'f107Daily[10^-22 W/m^2/Hz]': 89.4, 'ApDaily': 14, 'Ap3Hourly': array([14. , 5. , 7. , 6. , 15. , 5.375, 4. ])}
{'Density': {'He[1/m^3]': 2830075020953.2334, 'O[1/m^3]': 5866534735436.941, 'N2[1/m^3]': 59516979995.87239, 'O2[1/m^3]': 1558775273.2950978, 'AR[1/m^3]': 825564.7467165776, 'H[1/m^3]': 142697077779.00586, 'N[1/m^3]': 53473812381.891624, 'ANM O[1/m^3]': 4258921381.0652237, 'RHO[kg/m^3]': 1.790487924033088e-13}, 'Temperature': {'TINF[K]': 850.5598890315023, 'TG[K]': 850.5507885501303}}
```
Calculate the temperatures, densities including anomalous oxygen using the NRLMSISE-00 model at 900km, 3 degrees latitude, 5 degrees longitude on the date August 20, 2019 at 23:10:59 UTC. It uses not only Daily AP but also 3-hour AP magnetic index.
```
>>> t = '2019-08-20 23:10:59'
>>> lat,lon,alt = 3,5,900
>>> para_input,para_output = nrlmsise00(t,lat,lon,alt,swdata,omode='Oxygen',aphmode = 'Aph')
>>> print(para_input,'\n')
>>> print(para_output)
{'Year': 2019, 'DayOfYear': 232, 'SecondOfDay': 83459.0, 'Latitude[deg]': 3, 'Longitude[deg]': 5, 'Altitude[km]': 900, 'LocalSolarTime[hours]': 23.51638888888889, 'f107Average[10^-22 W/m^2/Hz]': 67.4, 'f107Daily[10^-22 W/m^2/Hz]': 67.7, 'ApDaily': 4, 'Ap3Hourly': array([4. , 4. , 3. , 3. , 5. , 3.625, 3.5 ])}
{'Density': {'He[1/m^3]': 74934329990.0412, 'O[1/m^3]': 71368139.39199762, 'N2[1/m^3]': 104.72048033793158, 'O2[1/m^3]': 0.09392848471935447, 'AR[1/m^3]': 1.3231114543012155e-07, 'H[1/m^3]': 207405192640.34592, 'N[1/m^3]': 3785341.821909535, 'ANM O[1/m^3]': 1794317839.638502, 'RHO[kg/m^3]': 8.914971667362366e-16}, 'Temperature': {'TINF[K]': 646.8157488121493, 'TG[K]': 646.8157488108872}}
```
**Note: The range of longitude is [0,360] by default, and the west longitude can also be expressed as a negative number.**
## Change log
- **1.1.2 — Jul 26, 2020**
- Added progress bar for downloading data
- **1.2.0 — Jan 22, 2021**
- Added **Exponential Atmosphere** up to 1000km
- Added **Committee on Extension to the Standard Atmosphere(COESA)** up to 1000km
- Completed part of the help documentation for NRLMSISE-00
- Improved the code structure to make it easier to read
- **1.1.2 — Jul 26, 2020**
- Added colored-progress bar for downloading data
- **1.1.0 — Mar 29, 2020**
- Added the International Standard Atmosphere(ISA) Model up to 86km
- Added the International Standard Atmosphere(ISA) Model up to 86kms
## Next release
- Complete the help documentation
- Improve the code structure to make it easier to read
- Add other atmospheric models, such as the **U.S. Standard Atmosphere 1976(USSA1976)** or **Committee on Extension to the Standard Atmosphere(COESA)** up to 1000km, **Unofficial Australian Standard Atmosphere 2000(UASA2000)**, and the **Jacchia-Bowman 2008 Empirical Thermospheric Density Model(JB2008)**
- Complete the help documentation for NRLMSISE-00
- Add other atmospheric models, such as the **Earth Global Reference Atmospheric Model(Earth-GRAM) 2016**, and the **Jacchia-Bowman 2008 Empirical Thermospheric Density Model(JB2008)**
## Reference
@ -132,10 +103,12 @@ Calculate the temperatures, densities including anomalous oxygen using the NRLMS
- https://gist.github.com/buzzerrookie/5b6438c603eabf13d07e
- https://ww2.mathworks.cn/help/aerotbx/ug/atmosisa.html
* [Original Fortran and C code](https://ccmc.gsfc.nasa.gov/pub/modelweb/atmospheric/msis/)
* [MSISE-00 in Python and Matlab](https://github.com/space-physics/msise00)
* [NRLMSISE-00 Atmosphere Model - Matlab](https://ww2.mathworks.cn/matlabcentral/fileexchange/56253-nrlmsise-00-atmosphere-model?requestedDomain=zh)
* [NRLMSISE-00 Atmosphere Model - Aerospace Blockset](https://www.mathworks.com/help/aeroblks/nrlmsise00atmospheremodel.html?requestedDomain=)
* [NRLMSISE-00 Atmosphere Model - CCMC](https://ccmc.gsfc.nasa.gov/modelweb/models/nrlmsise00.php)
* [NRLMSISE-00 empirical model of the atmosphere: Statistical comparisons and scientific issues](http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1029/2002JA009430/pdf)
- [Original Fortran and C code](https://ccmc.gsfc.nasa.gov/pub/modelweb/atmospheric/msis/)
- [MSISE-00 in Python and Matlab](https://github.com/space-physics/msise00)
- [NRLMSISE-00 Atmosphere Model - Matlab](https://ww2.mathworks.cn/matlabcentral/fileexchange/56253-nrlmsise-00-atmosphere-model?requestedDomain=zh)
- [NRLMSISE-00 Atmosphere Model - Aerospace Blockset](https://www.mathworks.com/help/aeroblks/nrlmsise00atmospheremodel.html?requestedDomain=)
- [NRLMSISE-00 Atmosphere Model - CCMC](https://ccmc.gsfc.nasa.gov/modelweb/models/nrlmsise00.php)
- [NRLMSISE-00 empirical model of the atmosphere: Statistical comparisons and scientific issues](http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1029/2002JA009430/pdf)
- [ATMOSPHERIC MODELS](http://www.braeunig.us/space/atmmodel.htm)
- [poliastro-Atmosphere module](https://docs.poliastro.space/en/stable/api/safe/atmosphere/atmosphere_index.html?highlight=nrlmsise#famous-atmospheric-models)